The 1890 One Cent Indian Head Penny is a fascinating piece of American numismatic history. This coin, also known as the “Indian Head Penny,” is highly sought after by collectors due to its historical significance and aesthetic appeal. In this comprehensive guide, we will delve into the history, design, rarity, and value of the 1890 One Cent Indian Head Penny, providing you with all the information you need to appreciate and understand this iconic coin.
Historical Context
The 1890 One Cent Indian Head Penny was minted during a time of significant change in the United States. The late 19th century saw the country transitioning from a largely agrarian society to an industrial powerhouse. This period also witnessed the growth of the American coinage system, with the U.S. Mint introducing new coins to meet the demands of a modernizing nation.
The Indian Head Penny series was first introduced in 1859, featuring the iconic design of a Native American chief. The series continued until 1909, with the 1890 issue being one of the most notable and valuable coins from this era.
Design and Features
The 1890 One Cent Indian Head Penny is characterized by its distinctive design, which includes several notable features:
Obverse Side
The obverse side of the coin features a profile portrait of a Native American chief, facing left. The design is based on a portrait of a Native American from the Philadelphia Mint’s collection. The chief’s headdress is adorned with a single feather, and his facial features are rendered with a high degree of detail. The coin’s denomination, “ONE CENT,” is inscribed in a circular border around the portrait.
Reverse Side
The reverse side of the coin displays a wreath of oak and laurel leaves, symbolizing strength and victory. The wreath is encircled by the words “UNITED STATES OF AMERICA” and “E PLURIBUS UNUM,” the latter being a Latin phrase that translates to “Out of many, one.” The coin’s date, “1890,” is inscribed at the bottom of the reverse side.
Material and Finish
The 1890 One Cent Indian Head Penny is made of copper, with a composition of 95% copper and 5% tin and zinc. The coin’s finish is a natural, reddish-brown color, which is a result of the copper’s natural oxidation process. The coin’s surface is smooth and unblemished, with a slight satin-like luster.
Rarity and Value
The 1890 One Cent Indian Head Penny is considered a rare coin, with only a limited number of specimens known to exist. The exact mintage figure for the 1890 issue is not known, but it is estimated that fewer than 100,000 coins were produced. The rarity of the coin contributes significantly to its value, making it a highly sought-after collectible among numismatists and coin enthusiasts.
The value of the 1890 One Cent Indian Head Penny can vary greatly depending on its condition and rarity. In general, well-preserved coins in mint state (MS-65 or higher) can command prices in the thousands of dollars, while coins with significant wear or damage may be worth only a few hundred dollars.
Grading and Condition
Grading is a crucial aspect of determining the value of a coin, and the 1890 One Cent Indian Head Penny is no exception. Coins are graded based on their condition, with the highest grade being Mint State (MS) and the lowest being Poor (P). The most common grading scale used for U.S. coins is the Professional Coin Grading Service (PCGS) scale.
Mint State (MS)
Mint State coins are those that have never been circulated and retain their original mint luster and strike. The 1890 One Cent Indian Head Penny can be graded as follows:
– MS-60: A coin with a few minor marks or nicks but otherwise in excellent condition.
– MS-61: A coin with a few minor marks or nicks and some slight wear on the high points.
– MS-62: A coin with a few minor marks or nicks and some slight wear on the high points, but overall in very fine condition.
– MS-63: A coin with a few minor marks or nicks and some slight wear on the high points, but overall in very fine condition.
– MS-64: A coin with a few minor marks or nicks and some slight wear on the high points, but overall in very fine condition.
– MS-65: A coin with a few minor marks or nicks and some slight wear on the high points, but overall in very fine condition.
Circulated (C)
Circulated coins are those that have been in circulation and may have signs of wear, such as scratches, nicks, or discoloration. The 1890 One Cent Indian Head Penny can be graded as follows:
– Fine (F): A coin with some wear but overall in good condition.
– Very Fine (VF): A coin with some wear but overall in very fine condition.
– Extremely Fine (EF): A coin with some wear but overall in excellent condition.
– About Uncirculated (AU): A coin with some wear but overall in very fine to mint state condition.
– Uncirculated (UNC): A coin with no signs of wear and retains its original mint luster and strike.
Preservation and Care
Proper preservation and care are essential for maintaining the value and condition of the 1890 One Cent Indian Head Penny. Here are some tips for preserving your coin:
Storage
Store your coin in a protective case or holder designed for coins. This will help prevent scratches, nicks, and other damage that can occur during handling or storage. Avoid exposing your coin to direct sunlight, extreme temperatures, or humidity, as these factors can cause discoloration or damage.
Handling
Handle your coin with care, using tweezers or other protective tools to minimize contact with your skin. Avoid touching the coin’s surface with your fingers, as the oils and moisture on your skin can cause discoloration or damage over time.
Cleaning
Cleaning your coin can be a delicate process, and it’s generally best to leave this task to a professional. If you do choose to clean your coin, use a soft, lint-free cloth and a mild solution of water and dish soap. Avoid using harsh chemicals or abrasive materials, as these can cause damage to the coin’s surface.
Conclusion
The 1890 One Cent Indian Head Penny is a remarkable piece of American numismatic history, with a unique design and significant historical context. Its rarity and value make it a highly sought-after collectible among coin enthusiasts and numismatists. By understanding the history, design, rarity, and value of this iconic coin, you can appreciate its significance and make informed decisions about collecting and preserving this important piece of American history.
Frequently Asked Questions
What is the mintage of the 1890 One Cent Indian Head Penny?
The exact mintage of the 1890 One Cent Indian Head Penny is not known, but it is estimated that fewer than 100,000 coins were produced.
What is the value of an 1890 One Cent Indian Head Penny?
The value of an 1890 One Cent Indian Head Penny can vary greatly depending on its condition and rarity. Well-preserved coins in mint state (MS-65 or higher) can command prices in the thousands of dollars, while coins with significant wear or damage may be worth only a few hundred dollars.
How do I grade an 1890 One Cent Indian Head Penny?
Grading an 1890 One Cent Indian Head Penny involves assessing its condition based on the PCGS grading scale. The highest grade is Mint State (MS), and the lowest grade is Poor (P). The coin’s condition is evaluated based on factors such as wear, luster, and strike.
How should I store an 1890 One Cent Indian Head Penny?
Store your 1890 One Cent Indian Head Penny in a protective case or holder designed for coins. Avoid exposing the coin to direct sunlight, extreme temperatures, or humidity, and handle it with care using tweezers or other protective tools.
What should I do if my 1890 One Cent Indian Head Penny is damaged?
If your 1890 One Cent Indian Head Penny is damaged, it is best to consult with a professional coin cleaner or a numismatic expert to determine the best course of action. Attempting to clean or repair the coin yourself may cause further damage.
References
1. Professional Coin Grading Service (PCGS) – [PCGS Grading Scale](https://www.pcgs.com/grading-scale)
2. Numismatic Guaranty Corporation (NGC) – [NGC Grading Scale](https://www.ngccoin.com/grading-scale)
3. United States Mint – [History of the Indian Head Penny](https://www.usmint.gov/learn/history/coin-history/1859-1909)
4. Coin World – [The Indian Head Penny: A Brief History](https://www.coinworld.com/news/us-coins/the-indian-head-penny-a-brief-history/)
5. Numismatic News – [The 1890 Indian Head Penny: A Rare Find](https://www.numismaticnews.net/2020/03/the-1890-indian-head-penny-a-rare-find/)