The 1890 Indian Head Penny is a fascinating piece of American numismatic history. This coin, also known as the “Indian Head Penny,” was minted in the late 19th century and holds significant value among collectors and enthusiasts. This guide will delve into the history, significance, and value of the 1890 Indian Head Penny, providing you with a comprehensive understanding of this iconic coin.
The History of the Indian Head Penny
The Origin of the Indian Head Penny
The Indian Head Penny was first minted in 1859, and it was designed by James B. Longacre, the Chief Engraver of the United States Mint. The coin features a profile of a Native American, which was a departure from the traditional American coin designs of the time. The design was intended to represent the diversity and heritage of the United States.
The Evolution of the Design
Over the years, the design of the Indian Head Penny underwent several changes. The first design, introduced in 1859, featured a Native American with long hair. In 1860, the design was modified to include a feather headdress, which became a signature feature of the coin. The design remained largely unchanged until the 1890s, when the coin was minted in a variety of metals, including copper, bronze, and silver.
The 1890 Minting
The 1890 Indian Head Penny was minted in Philadelphia, the primary minting facility for the United States at the time. The coin was struck in copper, which was the standard material for pennies during this period. The 1890 minting was significant because it marked the final year of the Indian Head Penny’s production. In 1909, the design was replaced with the Lincoln Penny, which remains in use to this day.
The Significance of the 1890 Indian Head Penny
Cultural and Historical Significance
The 1890 Indian Head Penny holds significant cultural and historical significance. The coin’s design, featuring a Native American, reflects the complex relationship between Native Americans and the United States government during the 19th century. The coin also serves as a reminder of the early days of American coinage and the evolution of American currency.
Numismatic Significance
From a numismatic perspective, the 1890 Indian Head Penny is highly sought after by collectors. The coin’s rarity and historical significance make it a valuable addition to any numismatic collection. The 1890 minting is particularly prized, as it is one of the final years of production for the Indian Head Penny.
The Value of the 1890 Indian Head Penny
Factors Affecting Value
The value of the 1890 Indian Head Penny is influenced by several factors, including its condition, rarity, and historical significance. The coin’s condition is one of the most important factors, as mint state coins in excellent condition command higher prices. The rarity of the coin also plays a significant role in determining its value. The 1890 minting is relatively rare, which contributes to its value.
Grading the 1890 Indian Head Penny
Grading is a critical aspect of determining the value of the 1890 Indian Head Penny. The coin’s condition is evaluated on a scale of 1 to 70, with 70 being mint state and 1 being poor. The grading scale is as follows:
– Mint State (MS): 60-70
– Uncirculated (UNC): 55-59
– Choice Uncirculated (CU): 50-54
– Extremely Fine (EF): 40-49
– Very Fine (VF): 30-39
– Fine (F): 15-29
– Good (G): 10-14
– Poor (P): 1-9
Market Value
The market value of the 1890 Indian Head Penny varies depending on its condition and rarity. A well-preserved, uncirculated coin can sell for thousands of dollars, while a circulated coin may sell for a few hundred dollars. The exact value of the coin can be determined by consulting a numismatic expert or using online marketplaces that specialize in rare coins.
How to Determine the Authenticity of the 1890 Indian Head Penny
Visual Inspection
One of the first steps in determining the authenticity of the 1890 Indian Head Penny is a visual inspection. The coin should have a clear, sharp image of the Native American profile and the words “One Cent” and “United States of America” on the reverse. The coin should also have a consistent color and texture throughout.
Weight and Size
The 1890 Indian Head Penny has a specific weight and size. The coin should weigh approximately 3.11 grams and have a diameter of 19.05 millimeters. Any significant deviation from these measurements could indicate that the coin is not genuine.
Mint Marks
The 1890 Indian Head Penny was minted in Philadelphia, which is represented by the “P” mint mark on the reverse of the coin. The presence of a mint mark is an important indicator of authenticity, as coins without a mint mark are often counterfeit.
Professional Appraisal
If you are unsure about the authenticity of the 1890 Indian Head Penny, it is recommended to consult a professional numismatic expert. These experts have the knowledge and tools to accurately authenticate the coin and determine its value.
The Care and Preservation of the 1890 Indian Head Penny
Storage
The 1890 Indian Head Penny should be stored in a secure, climate-controlled environment to prevent damage and ensure its longevity. Coins should be stored in protective cases or holders to prevent scratches and other damage.
Handling
When handling the 1890 Indian Head Penny, it is important to use clean, dry hands to avoid leaving fingerprints or oils on the coin’s surface. The coin should also be handled with care to prevent damage to its delicate features.
Cleaning
While it may be tempting to clean the 1890 Indian Head Penny to remove any tarnish or dirt, it is important to exercise caution. Cleaning the coin can potentially damage its surface and reduce its value. If the coin requires cleaning, it is recommended to consult a professional numismatic expert to ensure that the process is done safely and effectively.
Conclusion
The 1890 Indian Head Penny is a fascinating and valuable piece of American numismatic history. Its cultural and historical significance, combined with its rarity and condition, make it a highly sought-after coin among collectors. By understanding the factors that affect the coin’s value and taking proper care of the coin, you can ensure that your 1890 Indian Head Penny remains a valuable and cherished addition to your collection.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
Q: What is the difference between the 1890 Indian Head Penny and the Lincoln Penny?
The 1890 Indian Head Penny features a profile of a Native American, while the Lincoln Penny features a profile of Abraham Lincoln. The Lincoln Penny was introduced in 1909 and replaced the Indian Head Penny as the standard American penny.
Q: How can I determine the value of my 1890 Indian Head Penny?
The value of your 1890 Indian Head Penny can be determined by consulting a numismatic expert or using online marketplaces that specialize in rare coins. The coin’s condition, rarity, and historical significance are the primary factors that affect its value.
Q: How should I store my 1890 Indian Head Penny?
The 1890 Indian Head Penny should be stored in a secure, climate-controlled environment to prevent damage and ensure its longevity. Coins should be stored in protective cases or holders to prevent scratches and other damage.
Q: Can I clean my 1890 Indian Head Penny?
While it may be tempting to clean the 1890 Indian Head Penny to remove any tarnish or dirt, it is important to exercise caution. Cleaning the coin can potentially damage its surface and reduce its value. If the coin requires cleaning, it is recommended to consult a professional numismatic expert to ensure that the process is done safely and effectively.
Q: Where can I find more information about the 1890 Indian Head Penny?
For more information about the 1890 Indian Head Penny, you can consult numismatic books, websites, and online forums dedicated to rare coins. Additionally, you can contact a professional numismatic expert for personalized advice and guidance.
References
– Numismatic Guaranty Corporation (NGC)
– Professional Coin Grading Service (PCGS)
– American Numismatic Association (ANA)
– United States Mint
– Coin World
– Numismatic News
By following this comprehensive guide, you will be well-equipped to understand the history, significance, and value of the 1890 Indian Head Penny. Whether you are a seasoned collector or a numismatic novice, this guide provides the information you need to appreciate and value this iconic coin.